?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????... ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????.
?? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 20 ??????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? 10 ??????? ?????? (???????? ???????? ????????? ??????). ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? 20 ???????? ???? ???? 10 ???????.
???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? 10 ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? 50%. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????.
???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ????.
???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????:
?? ?? ???? ????? ?????????
???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.
???? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??. ??? ??? ???? 100 ???? ????? 20 ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 10 ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1000 ????? ????? ???? ???????? 50?.
????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.
?? ?? ???? ????? ?????????
???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????.
????? ??? ???? ????? ????? 20 ??????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? 10 ??????? ??? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? 6000 ????? ??????.
??? ??? ???? 200 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? 4,000 ????? (200 ???? × 20 ??????? ??? ????). ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? 6,000 ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???????? 4,000 ????? - 6,000 ????? = - 2,000 ?????.
?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.
?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? 10,000 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? 6,000 ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? 4,000 ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? 40?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????.
?? ?? ???? ????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????.
?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? 10000 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 8000 ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??:
10,000 ????? (?????? ?????????) - 8,000 ????? (?????? ???????) = 2,000 ?????
???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 2,000 ????? ??????.
????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??
2,000 ????? (???? ?????) / 10,000 ????? (?????? ?????????) × 100% = 20%
???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 20%.
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 20 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????.
??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
?? ????? ???? ??????
????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? (???? ???? ????? ??????) ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????:
- ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.
- ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
- ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????.
??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????.
??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ???? ???? ?????
??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ??
???? ????? = (???? ????? ÷ ?????????) × 100
????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????.
????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? 1,000,000 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? 200,000 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????
???? ????? = (200,000 ????? ÷ 1,000,000 ?????) × 100 = 20%
???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 20% ?? ????????? ??????.
?? ?? ???? ????? ??????
???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? 10% ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? 10 ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2-3% ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 20-30%.
?? ?? ???? ?????: ???????
???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.